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Fourier was a French utopian socialist who criticized the economic and domestic structures of the modern social world for their failure to respect human nature. He discerned twelve basic human ‘passions’ which combined to generate 810 basic personality types. On the basis of this account of human diversity, he advocated the establishment of small voluntary communities organized to provide fulfilling work and sexual liberation. Some of the more extravagant elements of his ‘social’ theory (his views on cosmogony, metempsychosis and ‘universal analogy’) were played down by his followers.