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Editorial BoardGeneral Editor
Edward Craig Professor Edward Craig has held visiting appointments at the Universities of Bayreuth, Hamburg, Heidelberg and Melbourne, and a visiting Professorship at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies. He works on the history of philosophy in the modern period and on the theory of knowledge. His main publications are David Hume: eine Einführung in seine Philosophie (Klostermann, 1979), The Mind of God and the Works of Man (Oxford University Press, 1987) and Knowledge and the State of Nature (Oxford University Press, 1990). He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1993. Edward Craig took up the position of Knightbridge Professor in October 1998. He has been acting as General Editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online since its inception. Subject Editors
Roger T. Ames Professor Ames is editor of Philosophy East and West and China Review International. His recent publications include translations of Chinese classics: Sun-tzu: The Art of Warfare (Ballantine 1993), Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare (Ballantine, 1996) and Tracing Dao to its Source (1997) (both with D.C. Lau); and the Confucian Analects (with H. Rosemont) (1998). He has also written many interpretive studies of Chinese philosophy and culture: Thinking Through Confucius (SUNY Press, 1987), Anticipating China: Thinking through the Narratives of Chinese and Western Culture (SUNY Press, 1995) and Thinking from the Han: Self, Truth, and Transcendence in Chinese and Western Culture (SUNY Press, 1997) (all with D.L. Hall). Kwame Anthony Appiah Professor Appiah was raised in Ghana and educated at the University of Cambridge in England. He is the author of Assertion and Conditionals (Cambridge Univesity Press, 1985), For Truth in Semantics, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (Oxford University Press, 1992) and (with Amy Gutmann) of Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton University Press, 1996). He is working with his mother, the novelist and folklorist, Peggy Appiah, on a translation and interpretation of 7,500 Akan proverbs from Ghana. E. J. Ashworth Professor Ashworth read history at Girton College, Cambridge before going to the USA where she received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Bryn Mawr College. She has taught in Canada since 1964. She is the author of many books and articles on medieval and Renaissance logic and philosophy of language; and she contributed to both the Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1982) and the Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Michael R. Ayers Professor Ayers was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. His many publications, both interpretive and critical, on the history of philosophy include Locke: Epistemology and Ontology (2 vols, Routledge 1991). He is co-editor of the Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1988). Thomas Baldwin Until recently Professor Baldwin was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. He has also taught at Makerere University in Uganda. His publications include G.E. Moore in the Arguments of the Philosophers series (Routledge, 1990) and he has edited new editions of some of Moore's writings, including Principia Ethica (Cambridge University Press, 1993). He is also the author of numerous articles in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. Beverley A. Brown Professor Brown was previously a member of the Centre for Law and Society at the University of Edinburgh. She is a leading authority on feminism, gender studies and legal theory. Malcolm Budd Professor Budd's publications include Music and the Emotions (Routledge, 1985), Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Psychology (Routledge, 1989) and Values of Art (Allen Lane, 1995). He is a Fellow of the British Academy. Roger Crisp Dr Crisp is author of Mill on Utilitarianism (Routledge, 1997), and edited the Oxford Philosophical Text of Utilitarianism (1998). He has edited two books on virtue ethics: How Should One Live? (Clarendon Press, 1996) and Oxford Readings on the Virtues (with Michael Slote) (Oxford University Press, 1997). He has written articles in several areas of philosophy, including ethics and political theory, is editor of Utilitas and is a member of the Analysis committee. Mark Crimmins Professor Crimmins received his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1989, after which he taught at Cornell University. He has published a number of articles in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, as well as the book Talk About Beliefs (MIT Press, 1992).
Michael Detlefsen Professor Detlefsen has written extensively on Hilbert's Programme, Gödel's theorems, intuitionism, constructivist philosophies of mathematics and other topics in the philosophy of mathematics and logic. He has been the recipient of various faculty research awards, including fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation, the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung and the National Endowment for the Humanities. He is co-editor-in-chief (with Anand Pillay) of the Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic and is on the editorial boards of Philosophica Mathematica and the Journal of Universal Computer Science. Arthur Fine Professor Fine is past-president of the Philosophy of Science Association and President-elect of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association. His works include The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory (University of Chicago Press, 1986). Luciano Floridi Luciano Floridi is the Consultant Editor of the REP on CD-ROM. He began working on the project in 1996. A Research Fellow and Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Oxford, his publications include various articles on the epistemological aspects of information and communication technology. He is the author of Scepticism and the Foundation of Epistemology - A Study in the Metalogical Fallacies (Leiden: Brill, 1996) and edited P.O.Kristeller's Iter Italicum on CD-ROM (Leiden: Brill, 1995). Richard Foley Professor Foley received his Ph.D. from Brown University. He has published widely in epistemology, including two books: Working Without a Net: A Study of Egocentric Epistemology (Oxford University Press, 1993) and The Theory of Epistemic Rationality (Harvard University Press, 1987). He won American Philosophical Quarterly's Prize Essay in 1979 for his essay, Justified Inconsistent Beliefs. Graeme Forbes Professor Forbes was educated at Glasgow University and Balliol and New College, Oxford. He has held teaching appointments at Merton College, and at the University of California at Santa Barbara and at Riverside. His publications include The Metaphysics of Modality (Oxford University Press), Languages of Possibility (Blackwell, 1989), Modern Logic (Oxford University Press, 1994) and over fifty articles in journals and edited collections. Lenn E. Goodman Professor Goodman specializes in metaphysics, ethics, Jewish and Islamic philosophy. His books include God of Abraham (Oxford University Press, 1996), Avicenna (Routledge, 1992), On Justice (Yale University Press, 1991), Saadiah Gaon's Commentary on the Book of Job (Yale University Press, 1988), Rambam (Viking, 1976), Ibn Tufayl: Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (Gee Tee Bee, 1992) and The Case of the Animals vs Man (Gee Tee Bee,1978). John Haldane Professor Haldane publishes widely on ethics, history of philosophy, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy. He also publishes in art, educational studies, and theology. Recent publications include Atheism and Theism with J.J.C. Smart (in the 'Great Debates in Philosophy' series, Blackwell, 1996). He is also writing An Intelligent Person's Guide to Religion for the Duckworth series of 'Intelligent Guides'. Richard P. Hayes Professor Hayes received his Ph.D. in Indian Buddhist philosophy from the department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies at the University of Toronto. His principal interests have been in Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Dignaga and Dharmakhirti. Since 1988 he has taught Sanskrit language and Indian philosophy in the Faculty of Religious Studies and Department of Philosophy at McGill University. Frank Jackson Professor Jackson has held a number of visiting appointments, including Senior Humanities Council Fellow at Princeton University and John Locke Lecturer at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Perception (Cambridge, 1977), Conditionals (Blackwell, 1987) and, with David Braddon-Mitchell, Philosophy of Mind and Cognition (Blackwell, 1996), and has published articles in philosophy of mind, philosophical logic and ethics. Aileen M. Kelly Dr Kelly has published widely on Russian intellectual history. Her main publications include Mikhail Bakunin: A Study in the Psychology and Politics of Utopianism (Oxford University Press, 1982) and Towards Another Shore: Russian Thinkers between Necessity and Chance (Yale University Press, 1998). Peter D. Klein Professor Klein received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1966. He is best known for being one of the developers of the defeasibility theory of knowledge beginning with A Proposed Definition of Propositional Knowledge (Journal of Philosophy, 1971) to Warrant, Proper Function, Reliabilism and Defeasibility in Warrant and Contemporary Epistemology (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), and for his work on scepticism in Certainty (Minnesota Press, 1981) and Skepticism and Closure: Why the Evil Genius Argument Fails (Philosophical Topics, 23.1, Spring 1995). Professor Matthew H Kramer
Professor Kramer is the Director of the Cambridge Forum for Legal and Political Philosophy, and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He is the author of many books, of which the most recently published is 'The Quality of Freedom' (Oxford University Press 2003) Norman Kretzmann (deceased) Professor Kretzmann wrote numerous books and articles in medieval philosophy including The Metaphysics of Theism: Aquinas's Natural Theology in Summa Contra Gentiles I (Clarendon Press, 1977). He was the Principal Editor of The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1982), and also edited Infinity and Continuity in Ancient and Medieval Thought (Cornell University Press, 1982), Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy (Kluwer Academic Books, 1988) and The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas (Cambridge University Press, 1993) (with Eleonore Stump). Oliver Leaman Professor Leaman taught previously at the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He is the author of An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1985), Evil and Suffering in Jewish Philosophy, (Cambridge University, 1995), Moses Maimonides (Curzon, 1997) and Averroes and his Philosophy (Curzon, 1997). He is the editor of Friendship East and West (Curzon, 1996), The Future of Philosophy (Routledge, 1998) and co-editor of the History of Islamic Philosophy (Routledge, 1996) and the History of Jewish Philosophy (Routledge, 1997). Neil MacCormick Professor MacCormick is a former President of the Association of Legal and Social Philosophy, and former Vice-President of the parent International Association. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His principal publications are Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (Clarendon Press, 1978), H. L. A. Hart (1981), Legal Right and Social Democracy (Stanford University Press, 1982), An Institutional Theory of Law (with Ota Weinberger) (Kluwer, 1986), Interpreting Statutes (ed., with R.S. Summers) (Dartmouth, 1991) and Interpreting Precedents (ed., with R.S. Summers) (Dartmouth, 1997). John McCumber Professor McCumber received his Ph.D. in Philosophy and Greek from the University of Toronto and has taught at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research, and the Collegium Phaenomenologicum. He currently teaches both philosophy and German. His publications include Poetic Interaction (University of Chicago Press, 1989) and The Company of Words: Hegel, Language, and Systematic Philosophy (Northwestern University Press, 1993), as well as numerous articles on Hegel, Heidegger, and the history of philosophy. Professor David Miller Professor Miller was educated at Cambridge and Oxford and taught at the Universities of Lancaster and East Anglia before taking up his present post. His publications in political philosophy include Social Justice (Clarendon Press, 1976), Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought (Clarendon Press, 1981), Market, State, and Community (Clarendon Press, 1989) and On Nationality (Clarendon Press, 1995). Amy A. Oliver Professor Oliver serves on the editorial boards of Cuadernos Americanos and the Social Philosophy Research Institute, and is a past president of the Society for Iberian and Latin American Thought (of the American Philosophical Association) and former chair of the Five College Council on Latin American Studies. She has written about Latin American intellectual history, especially Mexican and Brazilian culture and philosophy, and has recently conducted research in Argentina and Uruguay. Onora O'Neill Baroness O'Neill is the author of Faces of Hunger: An Essay on Poverty, Development and Justice (George Allen and Unwin, 1986), Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1989) and Toward Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning (Cambridge University Press, 1996), as well as numerous articles on practical reason, ethics, political philosophy and the interpretation of Kant. Georges Rey Professor Rey received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1978. He has taught at SUNY Purchase, University of Colorado at Boulder and has been a visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the author of Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: A Contentiously Classical Approach (Blackwell's, 1997) and numerous articles on the philosophy of mind. David-Hillel Ruben Professor Ruben received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1971. He has lectured at the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Essex and the City University. His publications include Marxism and Materialism (1979), The Metaphysics of the Social World (Routledge, 1985), Explaining Explanation (Routledge, 1990) and Explanation (ed.) (Oxford University Press, 1993). He has also edited a number of collections and published numerous articles in journals. David Sedley Professor Sedley has taught classics at Cambridge since 1975 and has held visiting Professorships at Princeton, Berkeley and Yale Universities. He has been editor of the Classical Quarterly (1986-1992) and of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (1998-). He is the author of The Hellenistic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1987, jointly with A.A. Long), of a recently completed book on Lucretius, and of many articles on ancient philosophy. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1994. Robert Stern Professor Stern came to the University of Sheffield in 1989, having been a graduate and Research Fellow at St John's College, Cambridge. He is the author of Hegel, Kant and the Structure of the Object (Routledge, 1990), and editor of G. W. F. Hegel: Critical Assessments (Routledge, 1993). He is also editor of the Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain, and has published several papers relating to German and British Idealism. Eleonore Stump Professor Stump specializes in philosophy of religion and medieval philosophy. Her publications include Dialectic and its Place in the Development of Medieval Logic (Cornell University Press, 1989), Reasoned Faith (Cornell University Press, 1993), 'Eternity' (with Norman Kretzmann, Journal of Philosophy 78 (1981) 429-58), and Sanctification, Hardening of the Heart, and Frankfurt's Concept of Free Will' (Journal of Philosophy 85 (1988) 395-420). From 1995-1998 she was President of the Society of Christian Philosophers. John Worrall Professor Worrall is a former editor of The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. He is the author of numerous articles including Structural Realism: the Best of Both Worlds' in Philosophy of Science (D. Papineau, ed.) (Oxford University Press, 1996 ) and is currently completing a book on theory-change. Consultant EditorPaul Edwards General Editor of The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan and the Free Press, 1967) Advisory Editors
Lorraine Code Christine Korsgaard
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