Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)

By Guyer, Paul

Immanuel Kant was the paradigmatic philosopher of the European Enlightenment. He eradicated the last traces of the medieval worldview from modern philosophy, joined the key ideas of earlier ...

Causation, in modern philosophy

By Boehm, Miren; Palatnik, Nataliya

The new science of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries sparked intense reflection and theorizing on the nature of causation. Philosophers attempted to account for the nature of causation ...

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)

Immanuel Kant was the paradigmatic philosopher of the European Enlightenment. He eradicated the last traces of the medieval worldview from modern philosophy, joined the key ideas of earlier ...

Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von (1842–1906)

By Adair-Toteff, Christopher

Eduard von Hartmann was born in Berlin and lived there for most of his life. He was a prolific writer of both scholarly and popular works on a ...

Hartmann, Nicolai (1882–1950)

By Inwood, Michael

Nicolai Hartmann’s intellectual trajectory was similar to that of his contemporary, Heidegger. He abandoned his early Neo-Kantian concern with knowledge and its foundations in favour of ‘ontology’, a ...

Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94)

By Chevalley, Catherine
Translated by Maskit, Jonathan

In physiology, physics, mathematics, aesthetic theory and epistemology, Helmholtz intervened, and innovated. He contributed to the physiology of perception through work on the central nervous system, followed by ...

Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)

By Bernstein, J.M.

One of the initiators and founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany, Max Horkheimer’s philosophical importance derives from his programmatic essays of the 1930s in ...

Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio (1797–1855)

By Verucci, Guido
Translated by Cox, Virginia

In the reactionary, anti-Enlightenment, spiritualistic climate of Italy and Europe in the first decades of the nineteenth century, the Italian philosopher Rosmini set out to elaborate a Christian, ...

Imagination, in modern philosophy

By Cottrell, Jonathan

In the modern philosophical period, the imagination (sometimes called the ‘fancy’) is standardly seen as a faculty for having mental images, and for making non-rational, associative transitions among ...