Biographical
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78)
Rousseau was born in Geneva, the second son of Isaac Rousseau, watchmaker. His mother died a few days after his birth. From this obscure beginning he rose to ...
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Biographical
Gerdil, Giancinto Sigismondo (1718–1802)
A lifelong member of the Barnabite religious order, Gerdil became well-known as the most eminent Italian disciple of Malebranche (and critic of Locke); in 1764 he published a ...
Overview
Political philosophy
Political philosophy can be defined as philosophical reflection on how best to arrange our collective life - our political institutions and our social practices, such as our economic ...
Thematic
Innocence
In its most general sense, innocence refers to the state of being without sin. A more restricted meaning is attributed to the word in the legal sphere, where ...
Biographical
Monboddo, Lord (James Burnett) (1714–99)
In speculating that orang-utans’ vocal organs must have been designed for speech, Monboddo was convinced that these creatures were primitive humans who had not yet entered society. His ...
Thematic
Encyclopedists, 18th-century
The Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers was published in seventeen folio volumes (about 20 million words) between 1751 and 1765, accompanied by ...
Thematic
Federalism and confederalism
Federative arrangements involve two or more governments ruling over the same territory and population. They have been of interest to political philosophers because they challenge, or at least ...
Biographical
Okin, Susan Moller (1946–2004)
Susan Moller Okin was a liberal theorist whose feminist perspective challenged contemporary liberal theory’s complacency about gender and the family. She insisted that liberalism, properly understood as a ...
Thematic
Theology, political
The concept of political theology was the subject of important controversies in European, and especially German, philosophy, social science and jurisprudence in the twentieth century. After the First ...
Biographical
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1805–59)
Tocqueville once observed that his temperament was the ‘least philosophical’ imaginable. He meant that his mind was governed by passionate commitment, a determination to defend civil and political ...
Biographical
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809–65)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a French social theorist, political activist and journalist. Claiming to be the first person to adopt the label ‘anarchist’, he developed a vision of a ...
Biographical
Todorov, Tzvetan (1936–)
Tzvetan Todorov is a Bulgarian thinker and literary theorist who lives and works in France. His thought is ‘structuralist’ in that it seeks stable abstract principles explanatory of, ...