Biographical
Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC)
Zeno of Citium, a Greek philosopher from Cyprus, founded the Stoic school in Athens c.300 bc. His background and training lay in various branches of the ...
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Biographical
Cleanthes (331–232 BC)
The Greek philosopher Cleanthes of Assos played a leading role in the formation of Stoicism. He was at once the most physicalist and the most religious of the ...
Biographical
Chrysippus (c.280–c.206 BC)
The Greek philosopher Chrysippus of Soli was the third and greatest head of the Stoic school in Athens. He wrote voluminously, and in particular developed Stoic logic into ...
Thematic
Megarian school
The Megarians were a Greek ‘Socratic’ school of the fourth and early third centuries bc. After their founder Euclides, whose main doctrine was the unity of the ...
Biographical
Diogenes of Sinope (412/403–324/321 BC)
Diogenes of Sinope was considered, along with Antisthenes, the founder of Cynicism. His nickname ‘Cynic’, literally ‘doglike’, reflects the highly unconventional lifestyle he lived and advocated. Radically re-evaluating ...
Biographical
Diogenes Laertius (c. AD 300–50)
Diogenes Laertius is the author of a famous work entitled Lives of the Philosophers consisting of nearly one hundred accounts of individual philosophers. These contain mainly biographical information, ...
Thematic
Dialectical school
An offshoot of the Megarian school, and active c.350–250 bc, the Dialectical school was an important precursor of Stoic logic. Its leading members were Diodorus Cronus ...
Biographical
al-Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan (c.930–1023)
Al-Tawhidi was an Arabic litterateur and philosopher, probably of Persian origin, and author of numerous books which reflect all the main themes of debate and reflection in the ...
Thematic
Doxography
Doxography is a term describing the method of recording opinions (doxai) of philosophers frequently employed by ancient Greek writers on philosophy. It can also refer to texts or ...
Biographical
Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge (Lewis Carroll) (1832–98)
Dodgson, an Oxford teacher of mathematics, is best known under his pseudonym, Lewis Carroll. Although not an exceptional mathematician, his standing has risen somewhat in the light of ...