Medieval philosophy

References and further reading

	Armstrong, A.H. (1967) The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A useful survey of medieval philosophy’s historical antecedents, including the philosophical movements of late antiquity, and of the main figures of the medieval period through the beginning of the twelfth century.)
	Dales, R. (1992) The Intellectual Life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages, Leiden: Brill. (A general historical introduction emphasizing philosophy and theology but giving some attention to broader intellectual culture, including literature and science.)
	Dronke, P. (1988) A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A collection of sixteen articles exploring both the background to the philosophy of the twelfth century and its innovations and major figures; contains a good bibliography and useful bio-bibliographies of twelfth-century philosophers.)
	Gilson, E. (1955) History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, London: Sheed & Ward. (A classic one-volume compendium of medieval philosophy, outdated in some respects but still an enormously useful quick reference.)
	Kretzmann, N., Kenny, A. and Pinborg, J. (1982) The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Forty-six articles providing a wide-ranging view of later medieval philosophy and significant recent developments in scholarship on the period; it gives special attention to the philosophy of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and to developments in logic and philosophy of language; contains a good bibliography and useful bio-bibliographies for later medieval philosophers.)
	Marenbon, J. (1983) Early Medieval Philosophy (480–1150): An Introduction, London: Routledge, 2nd edn, 1988. (A readable and informative general introduction to the period.)
	Marenbon, J. (1987) Later Medieval Philosophy (1150–1350): An Introduction, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Part One provides a clear and succinct account of the pedagogical, institutional, and intellectual developments that shape later medieval philosophy; Part Two of the book is less successful.)