Determinism and indeterminism

References and further reading

	Bohm, D. (1957) Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Discussion of determinism and chance, by one of the two inventors of a deterministic interpretation of quantum theory; see end of §2.)
	Cushing, J. (1994) Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Hegemony, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Discussion of historical, philosophical and physical aspects of the de Broglie–Bohm interpretation.)
	Earman, J. (1986) A Primer on Determinism, Dordrecht: Reidel. (The best single book on determinism in the physical sciences. It wages a fine campaign against the false consensus, discussed in §§1, 2.)
	Laplace, P. (1820) Essai philosophique sur les probabilités; forming the introduction to his Théorie analytique des probabilités, Paris: V Courcier; repr. F.W. Truscott and F.L. Emory (trans.) A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, New York: Dover, 1951. (The page reference is from the reprint. This work is famous as a treatise on probability theory and its philosophy, quite apart from its statement of determinism in the introduction.)
	Montague, R. (1974) ‘‘Deterministic Theories’’, in R. Thomason (ed.) Formal Philosophy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Technical paper pioneering the kind of definition given in §2–3. This collection was posthumous published.)
	Xia, Z. (1992) ‘The Existence of Noncollision Singularities in Newtonian Systems’, Annals of Mathematics 135: 411–68. (Mathematical paper proving indeterminism in Newtonian gravitation.)