Help and beneficence

References and further reading

	Aiken, W. and La Follette, H. (1996) World Hunger and Morality, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Useful introductory collection on the topic.)
	Cohen, J. (1981) ‘Who is Starving Whom?’, Theoria 157: 65–81. (Defends a principle of beneficence requiring people to do only their ‘fair share’.)
	Kagan, S. (1989) The Limits of Morality, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Defends a maximizing principle of beneficence.)
	Kant, I. (1797) Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre, trans. J.W. Ellington, Metaphysical Principles of Virtue, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1964. (Advocates less stringent principle of beneficence.)
	Locke, J. (1690) Two Treatises of Government, ed. P. Laslett, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963. (Suggests we are required to meet the serious needs of any person.)
	Murphy, L. (1993) ‘The Demands of Beneficence’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 22 (4): 267–292. (General discussion of the problem of demands and defence of a principle of beneficence requiring people to sacrifice only as much as it would be optimal to sacrifice under full compliance.)
	Nagel, T. (1986) The View From Nowhere, New York: Oxford University Press, ch. 10. (Influential general discussion of the problem of demands.)
	O’Neill, O. (1989) ‘The Great Maxims of Justice and Charity’, in Constructions of Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Defends a broadly Kantian approach, and includes a very helpful discussion of the liberal egalitarian interpretation of benficence.)
	Paul, E.F., Miller, F.D. and Paul, J. (1987) Beneficence, Philanthropy and the Public Good, New York: Blackwell. (Collection devoted to beneficence, offering a variety of approaches.)
	Paul, E.F., Miller, F.D. and Paul, J. (1993) Altruism, New York: Cambridge University Press. (Collection featuring different perspectives on altruism.)
	Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Influential contemporary theory of justice.)
	Ross, W.D. (1930) The Right and the Good, Oxford: Clarendon Press; repr., Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 1988. (Advocates the principle of beneficence as one among others.)
	Scheffler, S. (1992) Human Morality, New York: Oxford University Press. (Defends limits to required sacrifice.)
	Singer, P. (1972) ‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (3): 229–243; repr. in W. Aiken and H. La Follette (eds) World Hunger and Morality, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996. (Influential article, claiming that morality requires us to sacrifice our interests for those in the developing world.)
	Unger, P. (1996) Living High and Leting Die, New York: Oxford University Press. (Extensive discussion of the difficulty of distinguishing between rescue cases and non-rescue cases, and defence of a stringent requirement to help those in need.)
	Williams, B. (1981) ‘Persons, Character and Morality’, in Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973–80, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Criticism of the strict impartiality of modern moral theory.)