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Arblaster, A. (1984) The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, Oxford: Blackwell. (A critique of liberal political thought from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries.) |
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Bentham, J. (1789) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, eds
J.H.
Burns and H.L.A.
Hart, London: Athlone Press, 1970. (Classic statement of utilitarian morality.) |
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Berlin, I. (1969) Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 118–172. (Develops the distinction between negative and positive freedom, discussed in §3.) |
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Bramstead, E.K. and Melhuish, K.J. (1978) Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Croce, London: Longman. (A comprehensive collection of statements by liberal politicians and statesmen in the European tradition, as well as liberal political philosophers, together with a commentary by the editors.) |
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Dworkin, R. (1977) Taking Rights Seriously, London: Duckworth. (A theory of law and political morality centred on the idea that individual rights sometimes ’trump’ utilitarian justifications.) |
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Dworkin, R. (1978) ‘Liberalism’, in S.
Hampshire (ed.) Public and Private Morality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An argument that moral equality lies at the heart of liberalism.) |
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Freeden, M. (1978) The New Liberalism; An Ideology of Social Reform, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (A useful discussion of ’the new liberalism’ referred to in §1.) |
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Green, T.H. (1886) Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, ed.
B.
Bosanquet, London: Longman, 1941. (An influential work combining liberal and Hegelian themes.) |
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Hayek, F.A. (1960) The Constitution of Liberty, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (A statement of the connection between liberty and the rule of law, and a critique of the modern welfare state.) |
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Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan, ed.
R.
Tuck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. (Classic statement of liberal premises of economic individualism and the war of all against all, leading to the contractual institution of an absolute sovereign.) |
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Hobhouse, L.T. (1964) Liberalism, New York: Oxford University Press. (An example of ’the new liberalism’ referred to in §1.) |
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Holmes, S. (1993) The Anatomy of Antiliberalism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (A vigorous defence of liberal political theory and source of some of the arguments about economic liberalism in §4.) |
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Hume, D. (1739) A Treatise of Human Nature, ed.
L.A.
Selby-Bigge, rev. P.H.
Nidditch, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, Book III. (A classic account of the emergence of property and justice.) |
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Kant, I. (1991) Political Writings, ed.
H.
Reiss, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–87 and 131–164. (Various writings in this volume insist both on the hypothetical nature of social contract reasoning, and – within the contract model – on the duty of individuals to enter and remain in political society with those with whom they find themselves disagreeing about justice.) |
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Locke, J. (1689) A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed.
J.
Horton and S.
Mendus, London: Routledge, 1991. (Referred to in the discussion of economic versus spiritual versions of liberalism in §4.) |
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Locke, J. (1690) Two Treatises of Government, ed.
R.
Tuck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. (The paradigmatic statement of liberal contract theory.) |
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Manning, D. (1976) Liberalism, London: Dent. (A brief overview of liberal political philosophy.) |
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Mill, J.S. (1859) On Liberty, ed.
C.V.
Shields, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956. (A defence of individuality and freedom of thought and discussion, regarded by many as the most direct statement of liberal principle.) |
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Mill, J.S. (1868) ’The Subjection of Women’, in J. Mill and H. Taylor, Essays on Sex Equality, ed.
A.
Rossi, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970. (The first sustained statement of gender equality by a philosopher in the classic liberal tradition.) |
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Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia, Oxford: Blackwell. (A vigorous modern defence of private property and the minimal state, in the tradition of John Locke.) |
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Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Perhaps the most famous construction of liberal theory in modern times, using the idea of a hypothetical contract to explore issues of justice and fairness.) |
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Rawls, J. (1993) Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press. (A defence of the claim that liberal principles of justice must command support among a wide variety of ethical and philosophical conceptions in a modern pluralist society.) |
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Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 165–216 and 369–430. (An exploration of the connection between autonomy and perfectionism, mentioned in §4.) |
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Rousseau, J.-J. (1762) The Social Contract and Discourses, trans.
G.D.H.
Cole, London: Dent, 1955. (A version of contractarian theory that teeters on the brink between liberal and non-liberal political thought.) |
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Voltaire, F.-M.A. de (1734) Letters on England, trans.
L.
Tancock, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980. |
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Waldron, J. (1987) ‘Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism’, Philosophical Quarterly
37: 127–150. (A discussion of the difficulty of defining ’liberalism’ and of the connection between liberalism and Enlightenment thought, mentioned at the end of §3.) |
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Wootton, D. (1986) Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Political Writing in Stuart England, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 285–317. (Includes a transcript of the Putney Debates of 1647 in which Colonel Rainsborough gave voice to the principle of liberal equality, discussed in §3.) |