Logical positivism

References and further reading

	Ayer, A. (1959) Logical Positivism, New York: Free Press. (Very useful short collection. Contains, in particular, some of the most important papers from the ‘protocol-sentence’ debate discussed in §4.)
	Carnap, R. (1922) Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre, Berlin: Reuther & Reichard. (Carnap’s early analysis of relativity theory. Discussed in §2.)
	Carnap, R. (1928) Der logische Aufbau der Welt, Berlin: Weltkreis; trans. R. George, The Logical Structure of the World, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967. (Referred to in §§3, 4.)
	Carnap, R. (1934) Logische Syntax der Sprache, Vienna: Springer; trans. A. Smeaton, The Logical Syntax of Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1937. (Referred to in §§3, 5. English version contains important material not appearing in the original.)
	Carnap, R. (1947) Meaning and Necessity, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Carnap’s most influential post-war contribution to logic and philosophy of language. Second edition appearing in 1956 contains important supplementary material.)
	Carnap, R. (1950) Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Carnap’s fundamental analysis of ‘logical probability’ and the concept of degree of confirmation.)
	Carnap, R. (1963) ‘Intellectual Autobiography’, in P. Schilpp (ed.) The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, La Salle, IL: Open Court. (Contains detailed information about the historical development of the logical positivist movement.)
	Coffa, A. (1991) The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Most extensive scholarly treatment of the background to and evolution of logical positivism.)
	Creath, R. (1990) Dear Carnap, Dear Van: The Quine–Carnap Correspondence and Related Work, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Excellent source for the Quine–Carnap debate on analyticity discussed in §5.)
	Feigl, H. (1969) ‘The Wiener Kreis in America’, in D. Fleming and B. Bailyn (eds) The Intellectual Migration, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Discussion of the positivists’ migration to America by a participant.)
	Frank P. (1949) Modern Science and its Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Classic discussion of the positivist movement by a participant. Contains, in particular, good discussions of the influence of Mach and Poincaré.)
	Haller, R. (1993) Neopositivism, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. (Special attention to Neurath.)
	Hempel, C. (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: Free Press. (Collection of Hempel’s classic papers which decisively shaped philosophy of science in the USA.)
	Kraft, V. (1950) Der Wiener Kreis, Vienna: Springer; trans. A. Pap, The Vienna Circle, New York: Philosophical Library, 1953. (Good discussion of how Carnap’s Aufbau and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus were combined by the Vienna Circle.)
	Kuhn, T. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Referred to in §5. Extraordinarily influential reaction to logical positivist philosophy of science.)
	Neurath, O. (1981) Gesammelte philosophische und methodologische Schriften, eds R. Haller and H. Rutte, Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky. (Most extensive collection of Neurath’s philosophical works in the original. Contains the manifesto Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung on pages 299–336.)
	Neurath, O. (1983) Philosophical Papers 1913–1946, ed. and trans. R. Cohen and M. Neurath. (Most extensive collection of Neurath’s philosophical works in English.)
	Popper, K. (1935) Logik der Forschung, Berlin: Springer; The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson, 1958. (Popper’s extraordinarily influential discussion of scientific method – partly in the spirit of, but also partly explicitly opposed to, logical positivism.)
	Reichenbach, H. (1920) Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis Apriori, Berlin: Springer; trans. M. Reichenbach, The Theory of Relativity and A Priori Knowledge, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1965. (Reichenbach’s earliest analysis of relativity theory. Discussed in §2.)
	Reichenbach, H. (1928) Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre, Berlin: de Gruyter; trans. M. Reichenbach and J. Freund, The Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Dover, 1958. (Reichenbach’s most influential analysis of geometry and relativity theory.)
	Reichenbach, H. (1951) The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Widely read popularization.)
	Reichenbach, H. (1978) Selected Writings, 1909–1953, ed. M. Reichenbach and R. Cohen, Dordrecht: Reidel. (English collection of Reichenbach’s most important papers.)
	Russell, B. and Whitehead, A. (1910–13) Principia Mathematica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Referred to in §3. Monumental presentation of modern mathematical logic. Exerted a profound influence on logical positivism.)
	Schlick, M. (1917) Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik, Berlin: Springer; trans. H. Brose, Space and Time in Contemporary Physics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1920. (Schlick’s widely read and influential treatment of relativity theory. Discussed in §2.)
	Schlick, M (1918) Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, Berlin: Springer; trans. H. Feigl and A. Blumberg, General Theory of Knowlege, La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1974. (Schlick’s major epistemological work. Contains, in particular, the general theory of ‘implicit definition’ discussed in §3. Second edition appearing in 1925 – on which the English translation is based – is significantly revised.)
	Schlick, M (1938) Gesammelte Aufsätze, Vienna: Gerold. (Collection of papers, 1926–36.)
	Schlick, M (1979) Philosophical Papers, eds H. Mülder and B. van de Velde-Schlick, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Most extensive collection of Schlick’s works in English. Contains, in particular, the Brose translation of Schlick 1917.)
	Uebel, T. (1992) Overcoming Logical Positivism from Within, Amsterdam: Rodopoi. (Most extensive treatment – with special emphasis on Neurath’s role – of the ‘protocol-sentence’ debate discussed in §4.)
	Waismann, F. (1967) Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp; trans. J. Schulte and B. McGuiness, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, Oxford: Blackwell, 1979. (Very useful material on Wittgenstein’s special influence.)
	Wittgenstein, L. (1922) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. C. Ogden with an introduction by B. Russell, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Referred to in §§3, 4. Although Wittgenstein himself was not officially a member, this work and Carnap’s Aufbau constitute the two most central texts of the logical positivist movement. New translation D. Pears and B. McGuinness, 1961.)