Nominalism

References and further reading

	Abelard, P. (before 1120) ‘Logica “Ingredientibus”’, in R. McKeon (ed.) Selections from Medieval Philosophers, New York: Scribners, 1959, 202–258. (Provides a survey of Abelard’s approach as outlined in §2 above.)
	Armstrong, D. (1978) Universals and Scientific Realism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2 vols. (Contains useful discussions of nominalism.)
	Berkeley, G. (1710) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge in C. Turbayne (ed.) Principles, Dialogues, and Correspondence, New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. (The introduction to this work is especially relevant.)
	Carnap, R. (1934) Logische Syntax der Sprache (The Logical Syntax of Language), trans. A. Smeaton, Patterson, NJ: Littlefield & Adams, 1959. (Carnap’s attempt to clarify the structure of language.)
	Goodman, N. (1956) The Problem of Universals, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. (The chapter entitled ‘A World of Universals’ is especially relevant.)
	Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan, ed. M. Oakeshott and R. Peters, New York: Collier, 1962. (Part 1, chapter 4 contains Hobbes’ exposition of the topic.)
	Hume, D. (1740) A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L.A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd edn (with revisions by P.H. Nidditch), Oxford: Clarendon, 1978. (Book I, part 1, section 7 contains Hume’s response to Berkeley on abstract ideas.)
	Lewis, D. (1986) On the Plurality of Worlds, Oxford: Blackwell. (Uses possible worlds as the framework for a new perspective, as outlined at the end of §4 above.)
	Locke, J. (1689) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, collated and annotated by A.C. Fraser, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1894. (See Book II, chapter 9, sects 9–10 and Book III, chapters 3 and 4.)
	Loux, M.J. (1978) Substance and Attribute, Dordrecht: Reidel. (Contains discussions of a variety of different forms of nominalism.)
	Ockham, William of (c. 1329) ‘Summa Logicae’, part I, in M.J. Loux, Ockham’s Theory of Terms, Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1974. (A translation of the clearest formulation of Ockham’s approach to ontology.)
	Quine, W.V. (1953) From a Logical Point of View, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (The essays in this volume express the earliest and most austere form of Quine’s nominalism.)
	Quine, W.V. (1960) Word and Object, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Gives the ‘sets only’ doctrine.)
	Sellars, W. (1967) ‘Abstract Entities’, in Philosophical Perspectives, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. (Exposition of the line of thought outlined in §4 above.)
	Stout, G.F. (1921) The Nature of Universals and Propositions, London Oxford University Press. (British Academy Lecture which discusses ‘Trope Theory’, outlined in §4 above.)
	Williams, D.C. (1953) ‘Elements of Being’, parts I and II, Review of Metaphysics, 6: 3–18, 171–193. (‘Trope theory’ outlined in §4 above.)
	Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical Investigations, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe, London: Macmillan. (The famous passage on ‘family resemblances’ begins at §65.)