Realism and antirealism

References and further reading

	Carnap, R. (1956) ‘Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology’, in Meaning and Necessity, 2nd edn, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 205–221. (Carnap expounds his distinction between ‘external’ and ‘internal’ questions, as mentioned above in §1.)
	Dummett, M.A.E. (1963) ‘Realism’, in Truth and Other Enigmas, London: Duckworth, 145–165. (Seminal – and fairly difficult – paper, shifting the debate from the perspectives of §2 above to those of §4.)
	Goodman, N. (1978) Ways of Worldmaking, Hassocks: Harvester Press. (Chapters I, VI and VII are especially relevant. Entertainingly written presentation of an all-inclusive antirealist position. Grows a little harder and more technical in chapter VII; full understanding of some points calls for knowledge of other works by Goodman.)
	James, W. (1907) ‘Pragmatism’s Conception of Truth’, Lecture VI of Pragmatism in Pragmatism and the Meaning of Truth, Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1978. (Popular, polemical presentation of the doctrine that ‘truth is made’.)
	Mackie, J. (1977) Ethics – Inventing Right and Wrong, London: Penguin. (Chapter 1.9 is especially relevant. Contains the ‘argument from queerness’ against realism over moral value, referred to in §2 above.)
	Putnam, H. (1981) ‘Two Philosophical Perspectives’, in Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Putnam links the traditional form of the debate to the question of the rival accounts of truth and problems about linguistic reference. For the most part not difficult reading; full understanding of some points calls for acquaintance with the two preceding chapters.)
	Wright, C.J.G. (1987) Realism, Meaning and Truth, Oxford: Blackwell, 1–43. (The Introduction provides a wide-ranging survey of the issues, with antirealist slant; at times quite intricate. Useful bibliography.)