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Aquinas, T. (1266–73) Summa theologiae (Synopsis of Theology), trans. English Dominican Fathers, London: Dent, 1934, Ia.47–9. (A classic of the Christian approach to evil.) |
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Augustine (397–401) Confessionum libri tredecim (Confessions), trans. E.B.
Pusey, London: Dent, 1907, book VII, chaps 3–5. (Another classic of the Christian approach to evil.) |
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Kant, I. (1793) Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft, trans. T.M.
Greene and H.H.
Hudson, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, New York: Harper & Row, 1960. (An attempt to combine the Christian approach with a secular understanding of evil.) |
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Kekes, J. (1990) Facing Evil, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (A treatment of evil from a secular point of view.) |
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Leibniz, G.W. (1710) Essai de Theodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l’homme, et l’origine du mal, trans. E.M.
Huggard, Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952. (A classic statement of the view that evil is required by the good.) |
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Madden, E.H. and Hare, P.H. (1968) Evil and the Concept of God, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. (A criticism of the main Christian approaches.) |
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McCord Adams, M. and Adams, R.M. (1991) The Problem of Evil, New York: Oxford University Press. (A collection of articles and a bibliography representing recent work on the Christian problem of evil.) |
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Plato (c.
386–380) Meno, trans. W.K.C.
Guthrie, in The Collected Dialogues, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961. (One source of the Socratic view.) |
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Spinoza, B. de (1677) Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (Ethics Demonstrated in a Geometrical Manner), trans. E.
Curley, Ethics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985, parts IV–V. (A classic statement of the view that evil is due to misdirected desires.) |