Biographical
Epictetus (AD c.50–c.120)
Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher of the late first and early second centuries ad. He developed Stoic ideas of responsibility into a doctrine of autonomy and ...
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Biographical
Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–80)
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome, was the author of a book of philosophical reflections written in Greek and known as the Meditations. These reflections are based primarily ...
Biographical
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4/1 BC–AD 65)
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Roman statesman and Stoic philosopher, is the earliest Stoic of whose writings any have survived intact. Seneca wrote, in Latin, tragedies and a wide range ...
Biographical
Hierocles (2nd century AD)
The Stoic philosopher Hierocles lectured and wrote on ethics. He is important for his defence of the theory of oikeiōsis (affiliation), a form of self-perception and self-love ...
Biographical
Musonius Rufus (1st century AD)
Gaius Musonius Rufus was a Stoic philosopher who taught in Rome. Active on the margins of political life, he was twice exiled and recalled. His surviving work focuses ...