Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–69)

By Bernstein, J.M.

Philosopher, musicologist and social theorist, Theodor Adorno was the philosophical architect of the first generation of Critical Theory emanating from the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–69)

Philosopher, musicologist and social theorist, Theodor Adorno was the philosophical architect of the first generation of Critical Theory emanating from the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)

By Bernstein, J.M.

One of the initiators and founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany, Max Horkheimer’s philosophical importance derives from his programmatic essays of the 1930s in ...

Marxist aesthetics

By Carroll, Noël

‘Marxist Aesthetics’ reviews several Marxist approaches to the analysis of art, including the basic or traditional Marxist approach as well as approaches by Lukács, Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse, and ...

Theology, political

By Lutz-Bachmann, Matthias

The concept of political theology was the subject of important controversies in European, and especially German, philosophy, social science and jurisprudence in the twentieth century. After the First ...

Apel, Karl-Otto (1922–)

By Kettner, Matthias

The German philosopher Karl-Otto Apel is best known for his wide-ranging ‘transcendental pragmatic’ approach to a gamut of issues in theoretical and practical philosophy. This approach accords ‘argumentative ...

Trotsky, Leon (1879–1940)

By Callinicos, Alex

Trotsky’s chief claim to attention is as the leader of the Russian Revolution who opposed the consolidation of the Stalin regime in the Soviet Union and sought to ...

Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg) (1772–1801)

By Bowie, Andrew

Novalis (the name is a pseudonym adopted for his published writings) was, together with Friedrich Schlegel and Friedrich Schleiermacher, the leading philosophical thinker of ‘early German Romanticism’. Until ...

Scheler, Max (1874–1928)

Max Scheler (1874–1928) was an early and greatly influential pioneer in the development of the phenomenological tradition at the outset of the twenty-first century. Examined most extensively in ...