Thematic
Mystical philosophy in Islam
Mystical philosophy has an intimate connection with the mainstream of Islamic philosophy. It consists of several main strands, ranging from Isma‘ili thought to the metaphysics of al-Ghazali and ...
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Islamic philosophy
Islamic philosophy may be defined in a number of different ways, but the perspective taken here is that it represents the style of philosophy produced within the framework ...
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Thematic
Science in Islamic philosophy
Islam attempts to synthesize reason and revelation, knowledge and values, in its approach to the study of nature. Knowledge acquired through rational human efforts and through the Qur’an ...
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Biographical
‘Abduh, Muhammad (1849–1905)
The Egyptian reformer and Muslim apologist Muhammad ‘Abduh was a pupil and friend of al-Afghani. Although deeply influenced by him, ‘Abduh was less inclined to political activism and ...
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Thematic
Ethics in Islamic philosophy
The study of Islamic ethics, whether philosophical or theological, grew out of early discussions of the questions of predetermination (qadar), obligation (taklif) and the injustices of temporal rulers, ...
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Thematic
Mysticism, history of
Contemporary authors generally associate mysticism with a form of consciousness involving an apparent encounter or union with an ultimate order of reality, however this is understood. Mysticism in ...
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Biographical
Ibn Sab‘in, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Haqq (1217–68)
Ibn Sab‘in is well-known in Islamic philosophy for presenting perhaps the most radical form of Sufism. He argued that everything is really just one thing, part of the ...
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Biographical
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al–Din (1263–1328)
Ibn Taymiyya was a staunch defender of Sunni Islam based on strict adherence to the Qur’an and authentic sunna (practices) of the Prophet Muhammad. He believed that ...
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Biographical
Maimonides, Abraham ben Moses (1186–1237)
Jewish theologian, mystical pietist, physician, and the only son of Moses Maimonides, with whom he studied rabbinics, philosophy and medicine. Upon his father’s death, Abraham became the spiritual ...
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Thematic
Ikhwan al-Safa’
The philosophy of the group of Arab philosophers of the fourth or fifth century AH (tenth or eleventh century ad) known as the Ikhwan al-Safa’ (Brethren ...
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Thematic
Orientalism and Islamic philosophy
Orientalism is the concept that there is something very special and different about the thought of those living in the East, which can be discovered through the methods ...
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Biographical
Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn (980–1037)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is one of the foremost philosophers in the Medieval Hellenistic Islamic tradition that also includes al-Farabi and Ibn Rushd. His philosophical theory is a comprehensive, ...
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Thematic
Islam, concept of philosophy in
There is no generally accepted definition of what Islamic philosophy is, and the term will be used here to mean the sort of philosophy which arose within the ...
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Islamic philosophy, modern
There are a number of major trends in modern Islamic philosophy. First, there is the challenge of the West to traditional Islamic philosophical and cultural principles and the ...
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Islamic theology
‘Ilm al-kalam (literally ‘the science of debate’) denotes a discipline of Islamic thought generally referred to as ‘theology’ or (even less accurately) as ‘scholastic theology’. The discipline, which ...
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Thematic
Kabbalah
Kabbalah is the body of Jewish mystical writings which became important at the end of the twelfth century in Provence and has been taken up with varying degrees ...
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Biographical
Mulla Sadra (Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Shirazi) (1571/2–1640)
Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi (Mulla Sadra) is perhaps the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years. The author of over ...
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Biographical
al-Dawani, Jalal al-Din (1426–1502)
Jalal al-Din al-Dawani was a prominent philosopher and theologian from Shiraz, who came to the note of Western scholars through an English translation of his ethical treatise the ...
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Biographical
al-Sabzawari, al-Hajj Mulla Hadi (1797/8–1873)
Al-Sabzawari was the most influential nineteenth-century Iranian philosopher. His reputation rests in part on his Sharh al-manzuma, a commentary on his own Ghurar al-fara’id (The Blazes of the ...
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Thematic
Hermetism
A primarily religious amalgam of Greek philosophy with Egyptian and other Near Eastern elements, Hermetism takes its name from Hermes Trismegistus, ‘thrice greatest Hermes’, alias the Egyptian god ...
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Biographical
Ibn al-‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)
Ibn al-‘Arabi was a mystic who drew on the writings of Sufis, Islamic theologians and philosophers in order to elaborate a complex theosophical system akin to that of ...
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Biographical
al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid (1058–1111)
Al-Ghazali is one of the greatest Islamic jurists, theologians and mystical thinkers. He learned various branches of the traditional Islamic religious sciences in his home town of Tus, ...
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Ibn Masarra, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah (883–931)
Muhammad ibn Masarra is said to be responsible for the first structuring of Andalusian Spanish Muslim philosophy. The thrust of his philosophy was to show the agreement between ...
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Thematic
Illuminationist philosophy
Illuminationist philosophy started in twelfth-century Persia, and has been an important force in Islamic, especially Persian, philosophy right up to the present day. It presents a critique of ...
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Thematic
Pythagoreanism
Pythagoreanism refers to a Greek religious-philosophical movement that originated with Pythagoras in the sixth century bc. Although Pythagoreanism in its historical development embraced a wide range of ...
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