Biographical
Marx, Karl (1818–83)
Karl Marx was the most important of all theorists of socialism. He was not a professional philosopher, although he completed a doctorate in philosophy. His life was devoted ...
Search Results 1 - 25 of 29. Results contain 42 matches
Overview
Russian philosophy
Russian thought is best approached without fixed preconceptions about the nature and proper boundaries of philosophy. Conditions of extreme political oppression and economic backwardness are not conducive to ...
Overview
Political philosophy
Political philosophy can be defined as philosophical reflection on how best to arrange our collective life - our political institutions and our social practices, such as our economic ...
Biographical
Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932)
Eduard Bernstein, an eminent German social democrat, is now noted as ‘the father of revisionism’. He made a reputation as the radical editor of the German Social Democratic ...
Biographical
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–64)
Ferdinand Lassalle was one of the principal founders of German social democracy and a strong advocate of state socialism. He was associated with Marx, although he was not ...
Biographical
Renner, Karl (1870–1950)
Karl Renner was a leading contributor to democratic-socialist legal theory within the Neo-Kantian ‘Austro-Marxist’ interpretation of socialism that developed in late nineteenth-century Vienna. For Renner and his associates, ...
Thematic
Communism
Communism is the belief that society should be organized without private property, all productive property being held communally, publicly or in common. A communist system is one based ...
Thematic
Marxist aesthetics
‘Marxist Aesthetics’ reviews several Marxist approaches to the analysis of art, including the basic or traditional Marxist approach as well as approaches by Lukács, Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse, and ...
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Thematic
Partiinost’
Partiinost’ (Russian for partyness, often translated as party-mindedness, partisanship or party spirit) was long the controlling principle of Soviet Marxism. Though commonly identified with thought control, partiinost’ ...
Biographical
Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)
Masaryk was a philosopher, sociologist, politician and first president of the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–35). Initially he aimed to change the Habsburg monarchy into a democratic federal state, but ...
Biographical
Sorel, Georges (1847–1922)
The French social theorist Georges Sorel is best known for his controversial work Réflexions sur la violence (Reflections on Violence), first published in 1908. He here argued that ...
Thematic
Theology, political
The concept of political theology was the subject of important controversies in European, and especially German, philosophy, social science and jurisprudence in the twentieth century. After the First ...
Biographical
Labriola, Antonio (1843–1904)
Antonio Labriola was the founder of Italian theoretical Marxism. Generally situated in the Marxism of the Second International, he was more questioning than others in that movement. He ...
Biographical
Stirner, Max (1806–56)
Max Stirner is the author of Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (The Ego and Its Own), first published in Germany in 1844 and best known for its idiosyncrasies ...
Biographical
Ferguson, Adam (1723–1815)
Rarely mentioned by philosophers except as companion of David Hume and Adam Smith, Ferguson contributed a political consciousness to the moral philosophy of eighteenth-century Scotland. In An Essay ...
Biographical
Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973)
One of the initiators and founders of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany, Max Horkheimer’s philosophical importance derives from his programmatic essays of the 1930s in ...
Biographical
Nancy, Jean-Luc (1940–)
Jean-Luc Nancy has disclosed significant political and social dimensions to the general project of deconstructing Western philosophy. Existence does not precede essence, according to Nancy; existence is without ...
Biographical
Struve, Pëtr Berngardovich (1870–1944)
A prominent figure in early Russian Marxism and in liberal politics during the last years of the Tsarist regime, Struve’s philosophical concerns centred around individual free will versus ...
Biographical
Trotsky, Leon (1879–1940)
Trotsky’s chief claim to attention is as the leader of the Russian Revolution who opposed the consolidation of the Stalin regime in the Soviet Union and sought to ...
Biographical
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809–65)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was a French social theorist, political activist and journalist. Claiming to be the first person to adopt the label ‘anarchist’, he developed a vision of a ...
Thematic
Theory and observation in social sciences
The concept of observation has received relatively little systematic attention in the social sciences, with the important exceptions of social psychology, social anthropology and some areas of sociological ...
Biographical
Apel, Karl-Otto (1922–)
The German philosopher Karl-Otto Apel is best known for his wide-ranging ‘transcendental pragmatic’ approach to a gamut of issues in theoretical and practical philosophy. This approach accords ‘argumentative ...
Biographical
Fourier, Charles (1772–1837)
Fourier was a French utopian socialist who criticized the economic and domestic structures of the modern social world for their failure to respect human nature. He discerned twelve ...
Biographical
Gans, Eduard (1797–1839)
Gans was an influential legal theorist and an admirer of Hegel’s doctrines regarding the nature and purposes of political institutions. He attempted to extend the role of those ...
Biographical
Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich (1828–1904)
Chicherin was a Russian liberal historian of law, a political and religious philosopher and a public figure, who briefly served as Moscow’s elected mayor (1882–3). Before the mid-1860s ...